蘇州大學(xué)激光加工中心 江蘇 蘇州 215021

1 引言

1.1 復(fù)合焊的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

激光具有高亮度、高方向性、高單色性、高相干性及特殊的空間分布特性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，可獲得高達(dá)10¹¹W/cm²的聚焦功率密度，其巨大的能量集中在非常小的范圍內(nèi)，能迅速將材料局部升溫至極高的溫度，并能以較高的冷卻速度進(jìn)行冷卻，因此激光加工技術(shù)已成為一種無與倫比的材料加工方法^[1]。激光材料加工技術(shù)在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的廣泛程度，已然成為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家工業(yè)水平高低的重要標(biāo)志。激光焊接技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)焊接技術(shù)相比，具有焊縫深寬比高、熱影響區(qū)窄、焊接接頭質(zhì)量佳、生產(chǎn)效率高等突出優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此逐漸得到科研人員及企業(yè)的關(guān)注。常見的激光焊接技術(shù)包含單純激光焊接、激光填絲焊接和激光-電弧復(fù)合焊接（Hybrid Laser Arc Welding）。由于激光和熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊（Gas metal Arc Welding, GMAW）能加速焊接工藝，降低成本，并提高焊接質(zhì)量。所以激光焊接和復(fù)合焊在汽車制造、航空航天領(lǐng)域中已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。但在造船行業(yè)中應(yīng)用還不是很普遍，尤其是在中國(guó)的造船上，還在大量的使用人力進(jìn)行焊接，不僅污染環(huán)境、而且勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、危害比較大、精度和效率也無法保證。

激光復(fù)合焊結(jié)合了激光焊和MAG焊或其它氣體保護(hù)焊兩種技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。復(fù)合焊主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：焊接穿透的深度深而且焊道窄，焊接速度快，熱輸入低，熱影響區(qū)小，熱變形小；焊縫質(zhì)量高，外觀佳，物理性能好，返工率低，焊縫底部控制好，可實(shí)現(xiàn)單面焊雙面成形。并且確保了焊縫的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)與機(jī)械屬性。

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